MOTS-C

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that plays a role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. It is encoded within mitochondrial DNA and has been shown to act as a signaling molecule that communicates mitochondrial status to the nucleus, influencing gene expression related to metabolism. MOTS-c enhances insulin sensitivity, promotes glucose utilization, and activates pathways such as AMPK, which are critical for cellular energy balance.

Experimental studies have demonstrated that MOTS-c may improve metabolic function, increase physical endurance, and protect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. It has also been associated with anti-aging and longevity pathways, potentially by mitigating oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial efficiency. Although early research is promising, particularly in animal models, human clinical data remain limited, and further investigation is required to validate its role in metabolic and age-related conditions.